Estrogen, a pivotal hormone in the human body, is primarily produced in the ovaries, although smaller amounts are synthesized in the adrenal glands and testes. Playing a crucial role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system, estrogen influences menstrual cycles, fertility, and pregnancy. Beyond its reproductive functions, estrogen also impacts bone density, cardiovascular health, and mood. This hormone contributes to the maintenance of healthy skin and promotes the growth of secondary sexual characteristics in females. Imbalances in estrogen levels can lead to various health issues, emphasizing its significance in maintaining overall physiological well-being.
17-β Estradiol is the most influential and powerful type of estrogen hormone which circulates in the bloodstream. It is involved in a wide range of vital physiological functions such as: Estradiol is not limited to reproductive functions but also extends to: This dual nature underscores the complexity of estradiol’s function in the body and also […]
Estrogens regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (ERES). While the consensus ERE sequence, GGTCAnnnTGACC, is a common pattern found in many EREs, Half-palindromic EREs are imperfect palindromic sequences that only partially resemble the consensus ERE. In some cases, half-palindromic ERES can work together in a cooperative manner to
In the regulatory area of estrogen-targeted genes, multiple sequences resembling estrogen receptor elements (ERES) are commonly observed. This observation has given rise to the idea of the estrogen response unit (ERU). An ERU consists of imperfectly matched palindromic elements or even half-elements and they might be quite far apart from each other on the DNA
